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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p>Each instrument used in <a href="Analytical_chemistry" title="Analytical chemistry">analytical chemistry</a> has a useful <b>working range</b>. This is the range of <a href="Concentration" title="Concentration">concentration</a> (or mass) that can be adequately determined by the instrument, where the instrument provides a useful signal that can be related to the concentration of the <a href="Analyte" title="Analyte">analyte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>All instruments have an upper and a lower working limit. Concentrations below the working limit do not provide enough signal to be useful, and concentrations above the working limit provide too much signal to be useful. When calibrating an instrument for use, the experimenter must be familiar with both the lower and upper working range of the chosen instrument; results obtained from a sample of concentration outside the working range are often statistically <a href="Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">uncertain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">
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</style><cite id="CITEREFWenclawiakKochHadjicostas2010" class="citation book cs1">Wenclawiak, Bernd W.; Koch, Michael; Hadjicostas, Evsevios (2010-08-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BIDLCsPmirkC"><i>Quality Assurance in Analytical Chemistry: Training and Teaching</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 229. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-13609-2</bdi>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFReichenbächerEinax2011" class="citation book cs1">Reichenbächer, Manfred; Einax, Jürgen W. (2011-02-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xML9qd0qVnkC"><i>Challenges in Analytical Quality Assurance</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 108. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-16595-5</bdi>.</cite></span>
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